Figure 19. Expenditure on family cash benefits per child as a percentage of GDP per capita, 2010 and 2019 ▸ Authors’ own calculations based on constant GDP data from the World Bank World Development Indicators, social expenditure data from the OECD SOCX Database, and data on population by age from the OECD Data Warehouse. ▸ Data only available for 2019 for Costa Rica and Czechia. No data for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Türkiye due to missing information on social expenditure for families. Data for Ireland for 2021 not shown due to the potential overestimation of per capita GDP (Central Bank of Ireland, 2021). Figure 20. Changes in fiscal balance and social protection expenditure per child, 2012/13 to 2018/19 ▸ Expenditure: Authors’ own calculations based on constant GDP data from the World Bank World Development Indicators, social expenditure data from the OECD SOCX Database, and data on population by age from the OECD Data Warehouse. Fiscal balance: Kose et al. (2022). Figure 21. Adequacy of social transfers in OECD/EU countries for two family types ▸ Own calculations based on OECD Tax Benefit Model. Data for Türkiye are supplemented by information from the Ministry of Family and Social Services and the National Committee of Türkiye due to a new cash benefit started mid-2022 and thus not captured in the OECD Tax Benefit Model. Data for CA and IL refer to 2021. No data for MX, CO, CR and CL. Figure 22. Absolute change in the adequacy of social transfers (family benefits and social assistance) for two ‘model families’, 2012–2022 ▸ Own calculations based on OECD Tax Benefit Model. Note: Family benefits do not include income tax reductions. No data for MX, CO, CR and CL. The figure refers to absolute (percentage point) changes. Figure 23. The child poverty reduction effect of cash benefits in 33 OECD and EU countries (2021) ▸ Own calculations based on EU-SILC. Data for GB refer to 2017, data for Czechia, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovakia and Türkiye refer to 2020. Hungary excluded due to data concerns. ‘Social transfers’ include all forms of public cash transfers except for old-age and survivor’s pensions. Reduction refers to the relative (percentage) reduction in the poverty rate. Figure 24. Changes over time (2012–2021) in the child poverty reduction effect of social transfers in Europe ▸ As for Figure 23. 53 Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth Innocenti Report Card 18