Figure 9. Child poverty by disability status, New Zealand, 2022 Sources: See Technical Appendix 35 30 29 Children (%) 25 19.6 20 21.5 15 10 8.9 5 0 8.4 3.2 Children with disabilities Children without disabilities Income below 60% median Material hardship Severe material hardship Geographical inequalities Inequalities between types of geographical areas also persist. For example, despite progress in some countries, there are still substantially higher rates of poverty in rural than in urban areas in many European countries.24 The nature of rural–urban differences varies across countries according to geographical and social context. For example, in the United States, children in non-metropolitan areas are 1.3 times more likely to be living in poverty than children in metropolitan areas.25 On the other hand, there can also be strong concentrations of child poverty in urban areas. For example, in the United Kingdom, the four local areas with the highest child poverty rates (after taking account of variations in housing costs) are in all in urban areas.26 Apart from differences between areas based on population density, many countries are characterized by marked regional differences in poverty and child poverty rates, meaning that where a child is born makes a huge difference to their risk of growing up in a poor household. For example, in Italy, there are long-standing disparities in wealth between the north, the centre and the south. This means that, in 2021, the highest regional child poverty rate in Campania in the south (39 per cent) was four times as high as the lowest rate in Trentino-Alto Adige in the north (9 per cent).27 Household type There are also variations in poverty rates among different household types. Figure 10 shows rates of income poverty for children living in households with one and more than one adult in OECD countries in 2018 or (the most recent year for which data are available). On average, across these countries, a child living in a one-adult household is more than three times as likely to live in poverty as a child living with two or more adults. In nine countries – Belgium, Canada, Czechia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and Slovenia – children living in a one-adult household were more than five times as likely to be living in poverty as other children. Six of those nine countries are in the top third of our 21 Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth Innocenti Report Card 18