Endnotes 1 The report covers all 43 members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and/or the European Union (EU), but some statistics are only available for a smaller number of countries. 2 United Nations Children’s Fund Office of Research, 'An Unfair Start: Inequality in children’s education in rich countries', Innocenti Report Card 15, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence, 2018. 3 Marmot, Michael, et al., Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on, Institute of Health Equity, London, 2020, <www.health.org.uk/publications/reports/the-marmotreview-10-years-on>, accessed 12 September 2023. 4 Chzhen, Yekaterina, et al., Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on child poverty in rich countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017; Nygård, Mikael, et al., ‘The Role of Cash Benefit and In-Kind Benefit Spending for Child Poverty in Times of Austerity: An analysis of 22 European countries 2006–2015’, Social Indicators Research, vol. 146, 2019, pp. 533–552, <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02126-8>, accessed 12 September 2023. 5 This measure is expressed in international dollars (purchasing power parity) in 2017. 6 In Report Card 1, in 1995 Sweden had a relative child income poverty rate (based on 50 per cent of the median) of 2.6 per cent, and Norway a rate of 3.0 per cent. 7 It was not possible to include four countries in this league table – Costa Rica, Hungary, Israel and Mexico – due to limitations in availability of data. 8 If two countries are equal on this average rank, they are ordered in increasing order of most recent child poverty rates. 9 Pearson correlation is -0.30. 10 Rees, Gwyther, ‘Poverty and Children’s Wellbeing at 14 Years Old’, Poverty, vol. 162, 1 February 2019, <https://cpag.org.uk/welfare-rights/resources/article/poverty-andchildren%E2%80%99s-wellbeing-14-years-old>, accessed 12 September 2023. 11 Children who are in a poor household in the current year and had been in at least two of the preceding three years. See: Eurostat: Statistics explained, ‘At-risk-of-poverty Rate’, <https:// ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:At-risk-of-poverty_rate>, accessed 13 September 2023. 12 United Nations Children’s Fund, 'Measuring and Monitoring Child Poverty', Position Paper, UNICEF, New York, 2020, <https://data.unicef.org/resources/measuring-and-monitoring-childpoverty/>, accessed 13 September 2023. 13 For the full list, see Eurostat: Statistics explained, ‘Severe Material and Social Deprivation Rate’, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Severe_ material_and_social_deprivation_rate_(SMSD)>, accessed 13 September 2023. 14 Defined as ‘a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames or floor’. Eurostat: Data browser, ‘Children (aged 0 to 17) living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames or floor - EU-SILC survey’, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ILC_MDHO01C/>, accessed 13 September 2023. 15 For a complete list, see: Eurostat: Statistics explained, ‘Children – Material Deprivation’, <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Children_-_material_ deprivation>, accessed 13 September 2023. 57 Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth Innocenti Report Card 18