Figure 16. National income starting points and child poverty trends, 2012–2014 to 2019–2021 Sources: See Technical Appendix GNI per capita 2012–2014, (US$) 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 -50% -40% PL Change in child poverty (%), 2012-14 to 2019-21 SI LV LT -30% RO -20% HR KR EE CA PT GR JP IE MT BE CZ -10% NZ BG MX CL SK CO US ES IT 0% FI CY 10% 20% SE NL DE AT DK AU LU NO CH FR GB 30% Trends in non-monetary poverty The material deprivation measures collected by the EU and discussed in Part 1 also provide a means of tracking deprivation over time. Figure 17 shows the rates of children living in households in severe material deprivation in 2015 (the first year for which the current indicator is available) and 2021. → The average rate across the EU fell substantially, from 11.8 per cent in 2015 to 7.5 per cent in 2021. → This pattern was also reflected in every country except Sweden, which had a very low starting rate of 1.2 per cent that increased to 1.7 per cent by 2021; and Spain, where there was a slight increase from 10.5 per cent to 10.8 per cent. 30 Child Poverty in the Midst of Wealth Innocenti Report Card 18